The evidence of our research on pedagogy is that the bulk of teaching practices across all phases are ‘transmissionist’, encouraging test-orientated, ‘surface’ learning approaches, and that this practice is supported by institutional cultures that are responsive to the educational market place. On the other hand, we found some space for the development of ‘connectionist’ teaching practices that encourage more deep learning approaches, emphasising conceptual understanding, learning to learn, and personal satisfaction and enjoyment in mathematics.